Standard name Systematic name Name description Description
ERP1 YAR002C-A Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport; role in misfolded protein quality control; forms heterotrimeric complex with Erp2p, Emp24p, and Erv25p; localized to COPII-coated vesicles; ERP1 has a paralog, ERP6, that arose from the whole genome duplication
Visualize the interactome of ERP1
Links to external databases:
SGD   |   KEGG   |  

Cell cycle phase and timing of transcription peak

Cell cycle phase Time (min)

CYCLoPs localization & abundance

WT1 WT2 WT3
Cytoplasm 0.440 0.566 0.523
ER 0.075 0.078 0.068
Vac/Vac Memb 0.650 0.403 0.409
Endosome NaN NaN 0.057

GFP localization & abundance

GFP localization GFP abundance
vacuolar membrane 20700

GO term count

Metabolism Cell cycle Cell division Signal transduction DNA replication
ERP1 0 0 0 0 0

List of interactors

Use the search utility to find the interactor you are looking for. By clicking the column headers the table will be sorted on that column. Use shift+click to sort on multiple columns. Default sorting is on number of experiments, number of unique methods and the number of publications, and alphabetical on standard name, in that order.
Standard name Systematic name Name description Type #Experiments #Methods #Publications Evidence
ERP2 YAL007C Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport physical 10 3 6 Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, Co-fractionation, Co-fractionation, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS
ERV25 YML012W Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport physical 9 4 6 Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, PCA, Co-fractionation, Co-fractionation, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western
EMP24 YGL200C Component of the p24 complex physical 9 3 6 Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, Co-fractionation, Co-fractionation, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western
ERV14 YGL054C COPII-coated vesicle protein genetic 5 1 4 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
GET1 YGL020C Subunit of the GET complex genetic 5 2 3 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression, Negative Genetic
DGK1 YOR311C Diacylglycerol kinase genetic 4 2 3 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
GET2 YER083C Subunit of the GET complex genetic 3 1 3 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
ERP4 YOR016C Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport physical 3 2 2 PCA, Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS
ISW1 YBR245C ATPase subunit of imitation-switch (ISWI) class chromatin remodelers genetic 3 2 2 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement, Negative Genetic
ELO3 YLR372W Elongase genetic 3 2 2 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression, Negative Genetic
PMA1 YGL008C Plasma membrane P2-type H+-ATPase genetic 3 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
RGP1 YDR137W Subunit of a Golgi membrane exchange factor (Ric1p-Rgp1p) genetic 3 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
IRE1 YHR079C Serine-threonine kinase and endoribonuclease genetic 3 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
ICE2 YIL090W Integral ER membrane protein with type-III transmembrane domains genetic 3 1 2 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic
SED5 YLR026C cis-Golgi t-SNARE syntaxin physical 2 2 2 Affinity Capture-Western, Co-purification
ERV29 YGR284C Protein localized to COPII-coated vesicles physical 2 2 2 PCA, Co-fractionation
ECM2 YBR065C Pre-mRNA splicing factor genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
SEC13 YLR208W Structural component of 3 complexes genetic 2 1 2 Synthetic Rescue, Synthetic Rescue
URA7 YBL039C Major CTP synthase isozyme (see also URA8) genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
SEC28 YIL076W Epsilon-COP subunit of the coatomer genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
SSU72 YNL222W Phosphatase and transcription/RNA-processing factor genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
PMT4 YJR143C Protein O-mannosyltransferase genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
GLO3 YER122C ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein (ARF GAP) genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
ERD1 YDR414C Predicted membrane protein required for lumenal ER protein retention genetic 2 1 2 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
ERV25 YML012W Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression
SEY1 YOR165W Dynamin-like GTPase that mediates homotypic ER fusion genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
GOT1 YMR292W Homodimeric protein that is packaged into COPII vesicles genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
ERP6 YGL002W Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport physical 2 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-MS
PIL1 YGR086C Eisosome core component genetic 2 1 1 Negative Genetic, Negative Genetic
SEC66 YBR171W Non-essential subunit of Sec63 complex genetic 2 1 1 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic
OPI3 YJR073C Methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase genetic 2 1 1 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic
PMR1 YGL167C High affinity Ca2+/Mn2+ P-type ATPase genetic 2 1 1 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic
SED4 YCR067C Integral ER membrane protein that stimulates Sar1p GTPase activity genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression
VPS53 YJL029C Component of the GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde protein) complex genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
INP53 YOR109W Polyphosphatidylinositol phosphatase genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
UTH1 YKR042W Mitochondrial inner membrane protein genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
VPS71 YML041C Nucleosome-binding component of the SWR1 complex genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
VPS74 YDR372C Golgi PI4K effector, PtdIns4P sensor, and retention receptor genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
HTZ1 YOL012C Histone variant H2AZ genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
SWC3 YAL011W Protein of unknown function genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
VPS72 YDR485C Htz1p-binding component of the SWR1 complex genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
VPS54 YDR027C Component of the GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde protein) complex genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
SIL1 YOL031C Nucleotide exchange factor for the ER lumenal Hsp70 chaperone Kar2p genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
KRE1 YNL322C Cell wall glycoprotein involved in beta-glucan assembly genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
ROT2 YBR229C Glucosidase II catalytic subunit genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
TLG2 YOL018C Syntaxin-like t-SNARE genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
SWC5 YBR231C Component of the SWR1 complex genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
MSC1 YML128C Protein of unknown function genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
SEC22 YLR268W R-SNARE protein genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
GET3 YDL100C Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Gpa1p genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
SUM1 YDR310C Transcriptional repressor that regulates middle-sporulation genes genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
TRS85 YDR108W Component of transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex III genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
GCS1 YDL226C ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein (ARF GAP) genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
MDY2 YOL111C Protein involved in inserting tail-anchored proteins into ER membranes genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
YHR078W YHR078W High osmolarity-regulated gene of unknown function genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
OST5 YGL226C-A Zeta subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex of the ER lumen genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
BOP2 YLR267W Protein of unknown function genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
CYS3 YAL012W Cystathionine gamma-lyase genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression
BRE5 YNR051C Ubiquitin protease cofactor genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression
ARP6 YLR085C Actin-related protein that binds nucleosomes genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
BUG1 YDL099W Cis-golgi localized protein involved in ER to Golgi transport genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
BTS1 YPL069C Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
ERG2 YMR202W C-8 sterol isomerase genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression, Phenotypic Suppression
CWH41 YGL027C Processing alpha glucosidase I genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
CHO2 YGR157W Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) genetic 2 1 1 Positive Genetic, Positive Genetic
ALG12 YNR030W Alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase localized to the ER genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
DIE2 YGR227W Dolichyl-phosphoglucose-dependent alpha-1,2-glucosyltransferase genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
CNE1 YAL058W Calnexin genetic 2 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement, Phenotypic Enhancement
FKH1 YIL131C Forkhead family transcription factor regulation 1 1 1 chromatin immunoprecipitation-chip evidence
CIN5 YOR028C Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor of the yAP-1 family regulation 1 1 1 chromatin immunoprecipitation-chip evidence
ERP2 YAL007C Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement
HHF2 YNL030W Histone H4 physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
PHB1 YGR132C Subunit of the prohibitin complex (Phb1p-Phb2p) physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SND3 YBR106W Involved in SRP-independent protein targeting to the ER physical 1 1 1 PCA
RPB11 YOL005C RNA polymerase II subunit B12.5 physical 1 1 1 PCA
ORM2 YLR350W Protein that mediates sphingolipid homeostasis physical 1 1 1 PCA
SCS7 YMR272C Sphingolipid alpha-hydroxylase physical 1 1 1 PCA
SEY1 YOR165W Dynamin-like GTPase that mediates homotypic ER fusion physical 1 1 1 PCA
SWP1 YMR149W Delta subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase glycoprotein complex physical 1 1 1 PCA
UIP4 YPL186C Protein that interacts with Ulp1p physical 1 1 1 PCA
WBP1 YEL002C Beta subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase glycoprotein complex physical 1 1 1 PCA
PIS1 YPR113W Phosphatidylinositol synthase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERP1 YAR002C-A Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERV29 YGR284C Protein localized to COPII-coated vesicles genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement
MSC7 YHR039C Protein of unknown function physical 1 1 1 PCA
PKR1 YMR123W V-ATPase assembly factor physical 1 1 1 PCA
GOT1 YMR292W Homodimeric protein that is packaged into COPII vesicles physical 1 1 1 PCA
SUR2 YDR297W Sphinganine C4-hydroxylase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERV46 YAL042W Protein localized to COPII-coated vesicles physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
ERV41 YML067C Protein localized to COPII-coated vesicles physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
YIF1 YNL263C Integral membrane protein physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
RER1 YCL001W Protein involved in retention of membrane proteins physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
YIP3 YNL044W Protein localized to COPII vesicles physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
ERV14 YGL054C COPII-coated vesicle protein physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
SSH1 YBR283C Subunit of the Ssh1 translocon complex physical 1 1 1 PCA
SPC1 YJR010C-A Subunit of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) physical 1 1 1 PCA
GTT1 YIR038C ER associated glutathione S-transferase physical 1 1 1 PCA
VHS3 YOR054C Negative regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 Ppz1p physical 1 1 1 PCA
RPN1 YHR027C Non-ATPase base subunit of the 19S RP of the 26S proteasome physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
NAB2 YGL122C Nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-RNA
PMT1 YDL095W Protein O-mannosyltransferase of the ER membrane physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
PMT2 YAL023C Protein O-mannosyltransferase of the ER membrane physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SRO9 YCL037C Cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-RNA
SCS2 YER120W Integral ER membrane protein, regulates phospholipid metabolism physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
ERP3 YDL018C Protein with similarity to Emp24p and Erv25p physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
ERP6 YGL002W Member of the p24 family involved in ER to Golgi transport genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement
ERP5 YHR110W Protein with similarity to Emp24p and Erv25p physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
ERP5 YHR110W Protein with similarity to Emp24p and Erv25p genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Enhancement
SSB2 YNL209W Cytoplasmic ATPase that is a ribosome-associated molecular chaperone physical 1 1 1 Co-purification
VPS30 YPL120W Subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase complexes I and II physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
VPS34 YLR240W Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase that synthesizes PI-3-phosphate physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SEC24 YIL109C Component of the Sec23p-Sec24p heterodimer of the COPII vesicle coat physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SEC23 YPR181C GTPase-activating protein, stimulates the GTPase activity of Sar1p physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SEC13 YLR208W Structural component of 3 complexes physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
HSP104 YLL026W Disaggregase physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
PSG1 YKL077W Protein that promotes the transport and maturation of Pma1 with Exp1 physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
MPT5 YGL178W mRNA-binding protein of the PUF family physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-RNA
MPS3 YJL019W Nuclear envelope protein physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
SSA1 YAL005C ATPase involved in protein folding and NLS-directed nuclear transport physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
EST1 YLR233C TLC1 RNA-associated factor involved in telomere length regulation genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
KAR2 YJL034W ATPase involved in protein import into the ER genetic 1 1 1 Positive Genetic
PPH21 YDL134C Catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression
YPL068C YPL068C Protein of unknown function genetic 1 1 1 Phenotypic Suppression
HAC1 YFL031W Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor (ATF/CREB1 homolog) genetic 1 1 1 Synthetic Growth Defect
YPT6 YLR262C Rab family GTPase genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
NPL3 YDR432W RNA-binding protein genetic 1 1 1 Synthetic Rescue
STE24 YJR117W Highly conserved zinc metalloprotease genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
GYP1 YOR070C Cis-golgi GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for yeast Rabs genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
RIC1 YLR039C Protein involved in retrograde transport to the cis-Golgi network genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
VPS1 YKR001C Dynamin-like GTPase required for vacuolar sorting genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
MON2 YNL297C Protein with a role in endocytosis and vacuole integrity genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
RAD27 YKL113C 5' to 3' exonuclease, 5' flap endonuclease genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SUR1 YPL057C Mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) synthase catalytic subunit genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SFB3 YHR098C Component of the Sec23p-Sfb3p heterodimer of the COPII vesicle coat genetic 1 1 1 Positive Genetic
RFT1 YBL020W Membrane protein required for translocation of Man5GlcNac2-PP-Dol genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
TRS20 YBR254C Core component of transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes I-III genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SLY1 YDR189W Hydrophilic protein involved in ER/Golgi vesicle trafficking genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SEC26 YDR238C Essential beta-coat protein of the COPI coatomer genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
TRS23 YDR246W Core component of transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes I-III genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
GPI8 YDR331W Catalytic subunit of the ER membrane GPI transamidase complex genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
GPI16 YHR188C Subunit of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase complex genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
TAO3 YIL129C Component of the RAM signaling network genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
YKT6 YKL196C Vesicle membrane protein (v-SNARE) with acyltransferase activity genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SMD2 YLR275W Core Sm protein Sm D2 genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SEC39 YLR440C Component of the Dsl1p tethering complex genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
VTI1 YMR197C Protein involved in cis-Golgi membrane traffic genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
RAP1 YNL216W Essential DNA-binding transcription regulator that binds many loci genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
LAS17 YOR181W Actin assembly factor genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
HEM4 YOR278W Uroporphyrinogen III synthase genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
GCN4 YEL009C bZIP transcriptional activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
PUG1 YER185W Plasma membrane protein involved in protoprophyrin and heme transport genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
PRY3 YJL078C GPI-anchored cell wall protein involved in export of sterols genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
LHS1 YKL073W Molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
ROM2 YLR371W Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho1p and Rho2p genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
PAH1 YMR165C Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
SLA2 YNL243W Adaptor protein that links actin to clathrin and endocytosis genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
COG3 YER157W Essential component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
CMR1 YDL156W Nuclear protein with role in transcription, protein quality control genetic 1 1 1 Positive Genetic
ATG9 YDL149W Transmembrane protein involved in forming Cvt and autophagic vesicles physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
BCK1 YJL095W MAPKKK acting in the protein kinase C signaling pathway genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
CSR2 YPR030W Nuclear ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
ARF1 YDL192W ADP-ribosylation factor physical 1 1 1 PCA
AYR1 YIL124W Bifunctional triacylglycerol lipase and 1-acyl DHAP reductase physical 1 1 1 PCA
EPT1 YHR123W sn-1,2-diacylglycerol ethanolamine- and cholinephosphotranferase physical 1 1 1 PCA
CBR1 YIL043C Cytochrome b reductase and NADH-dependent reductase for Dph3p physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERG11 YHR007C Lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ATG27 YJL178C Type I membrane protein involved in autophagy and the Cvt pathway physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
DET1 YDR051C Acid phosphatase physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-Western
CPT1 YNL130C Cholinephosphotransferase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ATG23 YLR431C Peripheral membrane protein required for autophagy and CVT physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
ATG8 YBL078C Ub-like protein physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-MS
BFR1 YOR198C Component of mRNP complexes associated with polyribosomes physical 1 1 1 Affinity Capture-RNA
BET1 YIL004C Type II membrane protein required for vesicular transport physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
EMP47 YFL048C Integral membrane component of ER-derived COPII-coated vesicles physical 1 1 1 Co-fractionation
CSG2 YBR036C Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
EMC5 YIL027C Member of conserved ER transmembrane complex physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERG25 YGR060W C-4 methyl sterol oxidase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ALG5 YPL227C UDP-glucose:dolichyl-phosphate glucosyltransferase physical 1 1 1 PCA
ERG5 YMR015C C-22 sterol desaturase physical 1 1 1 PCA
CCW12 YLR110C Cell wall mannoprotein genetic 1 1 1 Positive Genetic
ECM4 YKR076W S-glutathionyl-(chloro)hydroquinone reductase (GS-HQR) genetic 1 1 1 Negative Genetic
CRD1 YDL142C Cardiolipin synthase genetic 1 1 1 Synthetic Lethality